日期精度和历元#

Matplotlib 可以使用识别这些日期并将它们转换为浮点数的单位转换器来处理datetime对象和对象。numpy.datetime64

在 Matplotlib 3.3 之前,此转换的默认值返回自“0000-12-31T00:00:00”以来的天数。从 Matplotlib 3.3 开始,默认值为从“1970-01-01T00:00:00”开始的天数。这为现代日期提供了更高的分辨率。旧纪元转换为 730120 的“2020-01-01”,64 位浮点数的分辨率为 2^{-52},或大约 14 微秒,因此丢失了微秒精度。使用新的默认纪元“2020-01-01”为 10957.0,因此可实现的分辨率为 0.21 微秒。

import datetime
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.dates as mdates


def _reset_epoch_for_tutorial():
    """
    Users (and downstream libraries) should not use the private method of
    resetting the epoch.
    """
    mdates._reset_epoch_test_example()

日期时间#

Pythondatetime对象具有微秒分辨率,因此使用旧的默认 matplotlib 日期无法往返全分辨率日期时间对象。

old_epoch = '0000-12-31T00:00:00'
new_epoch = '1970-01-01T00:00:00'

_reset_epoch_for_tutorial()  # Don't do this.  Just for this tutorial.
mdates.set_epoch(old_epoch)  # old epoch (pre MPL 3.3)

date1 = datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 1, 0, 10, 0, 12,
                          tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
mdate1 = mdates.date2num(date1)
print('Before Roundtrip: ', date1, 'Matplotlib date:', mdate1)
date2 = mdates.num2date(mdate1)
print('After Roundtrip:  ', date2)
Before Roundtrip:  2000-01-01 00:10:00.000012+00:00 Matplotlib date: 730120.0069444446
After Roundtrip:   2000-01-01 00:10:00.000020+00:00

请注意,这只是一个舍入误差,对于更接近旧时代的日期没有问题:

date1 = datetime.datetime(10, 1, 1, 0, 10, 0, 12,
                          tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
mdate1 = mdates.date2num(date1)
print('Before Roundtrip: ', date1, 'Matplotlib date:', mdate1)
date2 = mdates.num2date(mdate1)
print('After Roundtrip:  ', date2)
Before Roundtrip:  0010-01-01 00:10:00.000012+00:00 Matplotlib date: 3288.006944444583
After Roundtrip:   0010-01-01 00:10:00.000012+00:00

如果用户想要以微秒精度使用现代日期,他们可以使用set_epoch. 但是,必须在任何日期操作之前设置纪元,以防止不同纪元之间的混淆。稍后尝试更改纪元将引发RuntimeError.

try:
    mdates.set_epoch(new_epoch)  # this is the new MPL 3.3 default.
except RuntimeError as e:
    print('RuntimeError:', str(e))
RuntimeError: set_epoch must be called before dates plotted.

在本教程中,我们使用私有方法重置哨兵,但用户应该只设置一次纪元,如果有的话。

_reset_epoch_for_tutorial()  # Just being done for this tutorial.
mdates.set_epoch(new_epoch)

date1 = datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 1, 0, 10, 0, 12,
                          tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
mdate1 = mdates.date2num(date1)
print('Before Roundtrip: ', date1, 'Matplotlib date:', mdate1)
date2 = mdates.num2date(mdate1)
print('After Roundtrip:  ', date2)
Before Roundtrip:  2020-01-01 00:10:00.000012+00:00 Matplotlib date: 18262.006944444583
After Roundtrip:   2020-01-01 00:10:00.000012+00:00

日期时间64 #

numpy.datetime64对于比datetime对象更大的时间空间,对象具有微秒精度。然而,目前 Matplotlib 时间仅转换回日期时间对象,其分辨率为微秒,年份仅跨越 0000 到 9999。

_reset_epoch_for_tutorial()  # Don't do this.  Just for this tutorial.
mdates.set_epoch(new_epoch)

date1 = np.datetime64('2000-01-01T00:10:00.000012')
mdate1 = mdates.date2num(date1)
print('Before Roundtrip: ', date1, 'Matplotlib date:', mdate1)
date2 = mdates.num2date(mdate1)
print('After Roundtrip:  ', date2)
Before Roundtrip:  2000-01-01T00:10:00.000012 Matplotlib date: 10957.006944444583
After Roundtrip:   2000-01-01 00:10:00.000012+00:00

绘图#

这当然会对绘图产生影响。使用旧的默认纪元,在内部date2num转换期间对时间进行四舍五入,导致数据跳跃:

_reset_epoch_for_tutorial()  # Don't do this.  Just for this tutorial.
mdates.set_epoch(old_epoch)

x = np.arange('2000-01-01T00:00:00.0', '2000-01-01T00:00:00.000100',
              dtype='datetime64[us]')
# simulate the plot being made using the old epoch
xold = np.array([mdates.num2date(mdates.date2num(d)) for d in x])
y = np.arange(0, len(x))

# resetting the Epoch so plots are comparable
_reset_epoch_for_tutorial()  # Don't do this.  Just for this tutorial.
mdates.set_epoch(new_epoch)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(constrained_layout=True)
ax.plot(xold, y)
ax.set_title('Epoch: ' + mdates.get_epoch())
ax.xaxis.set_tick_params(rotation=40)
plt.show()
时代:1970-01-01T00:00:00

对于使用较新纪元绘制的日期,绘图是平滑的:

fig, ax = plt.subplots(constrained_layout=True)
ax.plot(x, y)
ax.set_title('Epoch: ' + mdates.get_epoch())
ax.xaxis.set_tick_params(rotation=40)
plt.show()

_reset_epoch_for_tutorial()  # Don't do this.  Just for this tutorial.
时代:1970-01-01T00:00:00

参考

此示例中显示了以下函数、方法、类和模块的使用:

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